Diabetes is a silent threat affecting over 5 million people in Thailand, with figures rising annually. Many may be unaware of their risk or condition. This article will help you understand Diabetes, along with proper prevention and self-management techniques.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where the body has consistently high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. This occurs because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin hormone, or the body develops insulin resistance, preventing cells from effectively utilizing glucose for energy.

There are 4 main types of Diabetes:

• Type 1 Diabetes: Caused by the body's inability to produce any insulin. Often found in children and adolescents.
• Type 2 Diabetes: The most common type. Caused by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. Often found in adults and the elderly.
• Specific Types (e.g., MODY, Secondary Diabetes): Caused by genetic defects, pancreatic disease, certain medications, or hormonal disorders.
• Gestational Diabetes: Found in pregnant women who develop increased insulin resistance during pregnancy.

Generally, the most common type of diabetes found in adults and the elderly is Type 2.

Diabetes Symptoms You Should Know

Symptoms of diabetes may be subtle initially, but if you look closely, you will find these warning signs:

• Frequent urination (Polyuria), especially at night.
• Excessive thirst (Polydipsia) and drinking large amounts of water.
• Increased hunger (Polyphagia) but unexplained weight loss.
• Feeling exhausted and fatigued more easily than usual.
• Blurred vision or unclear sight.
• Numbness or tingling sensation in the hands and feet (Peripheral Neuropathy).
• Slow wound healing or itchy skin.

If you experience several of these symptoms, you should consult a doctor for a diagnosis.

Main Causes Leading to Diabetes

The risk factors that lead to Type 2 Diabetes include:

• Heredity: If family members have diabetes, your risk is higher.
• Overweight or Obesity: Excess body fat can lead to insulin resistance.
• Dietary Habits: Overconsumption of sweet, fatty, salty foods, and processed foods.
• Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle reduces the body's energy expenditure.
• Age: The risk increases with age, especially for those over 45 years old.

Self-Care for Diabetes Management

Controlling blood sugar levels within the normal range is paramount. If you have been diagnosed with Diabetes, follow these recommendations:

1. Control your diet: Reduce high-sugar and high-fat foods. Increase your intake of vegetables, fruits (not overly sweet ones), unrefined whole grains, and fish.
2. Exercise regularly: You should engage in aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, for at least 30 minutes per day, 3–5 days per week.
3. Monitor blood sugar regularly: Use a blood glucose monitor as advised by your doctor.
4. Take care of your feet: Inspect your feet daily for small cuts or cracks that could lead to infection.
5. Take medication as prescribed: Take your diabetes medication or insulin injections punctually and completely.

Summary

Diabetes is a chronic disease that can be controlled. If you make serious changes to your daily lifestyle and maintain consistent self-care, you will help reduce the risk of severe complications that may occur, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, or blindness.

Don't wait until it is too late. If you or those around you are at risk or unsure, you should consult a doctor for a health check-up and correct advice.